https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-020-00503-w.pdf

Provide the citation and attach a pdf of the article

Manulis, M, et al. “Cyber Security in New Space, Analysis of Threats, Key Enabling Technologies and Challenges.” 12 May 2020, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-020-00503-w.pdf.

What is the abstract of the article?

Technological advancements, attitudes, and investment are reshaping the space environment, making it more accessible to a growing number of people. New and proposed constellations will increase the number of in-orbit satellites by tens of thousands, boosting the space industry’s threat landscape. The motivations and characteristics of adversarial threats to satellites are examined in this article, which examines prior satellite security threats and occurrences. The most popular targets were ground and radio frequency communications; however, the rise of satellite constellations in the next years may transfer this attention to the space segment, which must be handled. Security and operational considerations are also highlighted, as well as key technological breakthroughs and open challenges in the satellite sector.

Was the study experimental or non-experimental?
Yes, the study was experimental because they conducted a timeline of incidents involving the space industry from various sources including academic literature, governmental agencies and news articles from the public domain between 1977 and 2019.

Was the research qualitative or quantitative?
The study was both qualitative and quantitative because there were parts of the analysis that involved collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts but also there were parts in the analysis that numerical data was of use.

What was the population studied?
There wasn’t an exact number but in the analysis it said a couple thousand.

What sample was used for this study?
Satellites

What was the method of measurement?
The study used both qualitative and quantitative measures the timeline of incidents consisting of the segment under attack or exploited, the type of target, and type of incident. Also the study measured the number of incidents.

What was the method of analysis?
Bar graphs, line charts, and ER diagrams

What was the conclusion of the study?
Satellite applications are broad in nature and span the public, military, commercial, and private sectors. Attacks against the space sector in the past have primarily targeted the ground segment or electronic warfare activities, as well as espionage and political activities. Thousands of satellite constellations are expected to launch in the coming years, making commercial satellites a much more appealing target for enemies with a variety of objectives and capabilities.

Why is this study useful to you? Explain in detail.
The information was very useful because it showed how cyber security can be used in different ways. From looking at the amount of attacks and different types and even the rate the attacks come in enlightened me. When reading the article and understanding that cyber attacks happen in any way possible is mind bottling, its more than just computers, it can even happen in space which caught me by surprise.

What would be the next logical step in extending this study?
I really don’t know because the article I read was very informative and seem to have a lot of analysis on the study. But if I were to think about the next logical step, ill say to continue to enhance the satellites transmitters to help them find cyber criminals better. Satellites already send and receive sensitive data, making them a possible target for hackers and bad actors. Also, just because a satellite is in orbit doesn’t indicate that fraudsters haven’t already targeted ground station assets.