Provide the citation and attach a pdf of the article (10 pts) Pro Tip: You can use ZotZero, but check the output against the APA Style online guidelines.

Li, H., Zhang, Z., Sze, N., Hu, H., & Ding, H. (2021). Safety effects of law enforcement cameras at non-signalized crosswalks: A case study in China. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 156, 106124.
Click here –> journal to see attached pdf.

What is the abstract of the article?  (10 pts)  Tips: This is usually a 200 word or less article summary. The abstract is your only cut and paste answer.

Pedestrians are vulnerable when crossing the street, especially at non-signalized crosswalks. In China, in spite of the priority that laws entitle the pedestrians, the yielding rates at non-signalized crosswalks are relatively low. In light of this situation, law enforcement cameras have been used to increase the percentage of drivers yielding to pedestrians. This study investigates the effectiveness of law enforcement cameras on drivers yielding behavior and vehicle-pedestrian conflicts at non-signalized crosswalks. Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and roadside video recording, information including pedestrian characteristics, vehicular characteristics and environmental factors are collected. The conflict indicators used include Post-Encroachment Time (PET), Time to Collision (TTC), and Deceleration to Safety Time (DST). In this study, a conflict classification framework based on PET, TTC and DST using Support Vector Machine algorithm is employed. A multinomial logit regression model is used to identify the factors contributing to the conflicts. Then, binary logit regression models are constructed to analyze the effects of law enforcement cameras on drivers yielding behavior. Conflict study reveals that the implementation of law enforcement cameras would increase the probability of slight conflict but decrease the probability of serious conflict. Yielding behavior analysis shows that the illegitimate yielding behavior percentages are over 10 %, indicating the necessity of improving the awareness of yielding rules, and the implementation of law enforcement cameras would increase the yielding and legitimate yielding probability. Moreover, factors including the adjacent vehicle yielding behavior, number of lanes between pedestrian and vehicle, pedestrian speed change, pedestrian waiting time, pedestrian accepted gap time, vehicle upstream speed and vehicle speed change are significantly associated with conflict severity and drivers yielding behavior. We recommend that supplementary facilities and measures should be used to improve the safety performance of law enforcement cameras.

Was the study experimental or non-experimental? Explain, tell us what made that clear.  (10 pts)

This study is experimental as it is clearly set up in a way such that the researchers can record outcomes  using video cameras and statistical data and compare them against previously recorded information on yield rates as well as data from sites that did not employ the surveillance technologies.

Was the research qualitative or quantitative? Again, explain. (10 pts)

In order to most accurately record results, this research was quantitative with multiple tables recording whether a vehicle yielded, accelerated or decelerated as well as the specific site in question where the occurence happened.

What was the population studied? Why do you say that? (5 pts)

The population studied was drivers in China at intersections where cars may need to yield for passing pedestrians. These people were studied because in the article we find that while Chinese traffic laws favor pedestrians, it is still common for drivers to not yield for pedestrians. Surveillance technology allows a more accurate view on what’s going on, and recording whether it is effective or not is necessary before further employing its use.

What sample was used for this study? Explain. (5 pts)

The sample used in this study was two different groups of cars, spread across various sites in Nanjing. These cars were unaware they were being studied as far as the Journal states.

What was the method of measurement? (10 pts)

The method of measurement here was comparative as the study was used to test the effectiveness of new camera systems by comparison to the old methods to direct traffic in Nanjing.

If the research was quantitative, was the measurement scale used, Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio?

The researchers included their data in neat and well-made graphs and charts with multiple mathematical formulas to back it up, with convincing evidence that this data has a natural zero. The  measurement scale used here was definitely ratio.

If the research was qualitative, what data was collected

Data on cars as well as sites that they were tested at.

What was the method of analysis? (10 pts)

The methdo of analysis was  comparing vehicles at sites with versus without new surveillance technology in areas where drivers would be required to yield for pedestrians.

If the research was quantitative, what statistical tools were used to analyze the data?

The statistical tools used to analyze the data were mostly mathematical, with some physics concepts I did not fully understand. Things such as Speed Distance Time calculations to monitor the cars’ changes and have numbers to attach to each instance and then compare.

If the research was qualitative, in what manner was the data analyzed?

Cars were categorized along their size, whether they were going near a pedestrian group with children in it, whether the car had luggage. Data was analyzed by breaking it down into multiple different variables to make comparison easier, as vehicles with luggage could be compared against other vehicles with luggage and so on.

What was the conclusion of the study? (10 pts)

The study concluded that while law enforcement cameras increased probability of a “slight conflict” category event, they decreased probability of a “serious conflict.”

Why is this study useful to you? Explain in detail. (10 pts)

This study is useful to me as it helps me better understand how feeling watched by authority impacts the human mind. In an age where cameras show up at more and more businesses, it is important to know that this isn’t all bad and that there can be some good from having security cameras.

What would be the next logical step in extending this study? (10 pts)

The next step in extending this study would be to take it global, see how these cameras effect parts of the world outside of Nanjing. As the study said, China has a pedestrian favored traffic culture so in areas like America where cars are far more abundant, the results could vary drastically.